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Created page with "== Galaxies == ===''Instrumental resolution''=== Given spectra estimate instrumental resolution in AA and km/s: <math> velocity\_scale[km/..."

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== Galaxies ==

===''Instrumental resolution''===

Given spectra estimate instrumental resolution in AA and km/s:

<math>
velocity\_scale[km/s] = \ln\left(\frac{\lambda_1}{\lambda_0}\right) \times speed\_of\_light
</math>

<math>
FWHM[AA] = 2.355 \times 5100 \times \frac{velocity\_scale}{speed\_of\_light}
</math>

where <math>\lambda_0,\lambda_1</math> are any two subsequent wavelengths in the equidistant spectrum. This is resolution at 5100AA. In the case of galaxies, FWHM should be divided with ''(1+redshift)''.

===''Surface Brightness'' in g-band===

<math>
\mu_g\left[\frac{L_{sol}}{pc^2}\right]=0.4 \left(Mg_{sol}+21.572-m_g-2.5*\log_{10}(2*\pi*R_{50}^2)\right),
</math>

where Mgsol = 5.12, and mg is the apparent visual (Petrosian) magnitude in g-band and R50 is Petrosian radius in arcseconds.

M(g)= +5.12 (+/-0.02)
u-g = +1.43 (+/-0.05)
g-r = +0.44 (+/-0.02)
r-i = +0.11 (+/-0.02)
i-z = +0.03 (+/-0.02)

Calculating Surface Brightness in mag/arcmin squared 
Calculate its area in square arc minute ( A=pi*a*b for elliptical object) 
Example: Omega Centauri mag 3.7 dimension 36’ -> A=3.142*36*36 = 4069.44 
SB= mag+2.5*log10(A) = 12.72 mag/sq arcmin 

===''Petrosian radius'' <math>R_{50}</math>===

<math>
R_{50}[kpc] = R_{50}[''] \frac{1000 D_{L}[Mpc]}{206265},
</math>

where DL is the luminosity distance.

===''Effective radius'' <math>R_{eff}</math>===

<math>
R_{eff}[kpc] = R_{50}[''] \frac{ 1000 D_{L}[Mpc]}{206265} \left(1-p_3\frac{R_{90}['']}{R_{50}['']}\right)^{-p_4}= R_{50}[kpc]\left(1-p_3\frac{R_{90}['']}{R_{50}['']}\right)^{-p_4},
</math>

where <math>p_3=8 * 10^{-6}</math> and <math>p_4=8.47</math>

===''Inclination''===

<math>
\cos^2(i)=\frac{q^2-q_0^2}{1-q_0^2},\ q_0=0.37*10^{-0.053*t}\ (\ -5\le t\le 7)\ or\ q_0=0.42\ (\ t>7)
</math>

where <math>q\equiv b/a</math> is axes ratio (minor-to-major axis) and <math>t</math> is de Vaucouleurs morphological galaxy type.

de Vaucouleurs(t) -5 -3 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Type E E-S0 S0 S0a Sa Sab Sb Sbc Sc Scd Sd Sdm Sm Irr

For a very imprecise determination of morphological type, one could use <math>t=10-2*C_{59}</math>, where <math>C_{59}</math> is the concentration index.

===''Dynamical mass'' from the width of HI line===

<math>
M_{dyn}=\frac{R_{50}['']D_L[Mpc]}{206265\ g} \left[\frac{W_{20}}{\sin(i)}\right]^2
</math>

where <math>W_{20}</math>[km/s] is the velocity line width measured at 20% level of the peak flux, and <math>i</math> is the inclination. Gravitational constant <math>g=4.32 * 10^{-9} Mpc (km/s)^2/M_{sol}</math>.

===''Dynamical mass'' in the old fashion way===

-5<type<0 :: <math>M_{dyn}=K_V \frac{(V_s^2+V_r^2)R_{50}['']D_L[Mpc]}{206265 g} \left(1-p_3\frac{R_{90}['']}{R_{50}['']}\right)^{-p_4} </math>

type>0 :: <math>M_{dyn}=\frac{V_r^2 R_{50}['']D_L[Mpc]}{206265 g} \left(1-p_3\frac{R_{90}['']}{R_{50}['']}\right)^{-p_4}, </math>

where <math>K_V=5</math> is the constant, <math>g=4.32 * 10^{-9} Mpc (km/s)^2/M_{sol}</math> the gravitational constant, <math>D_L</math> luminosity distance, and <math>V_s</math>, <math>V_r</math> stellar and rotational velocity given in km/s.

===''HI mass''===

<math>M_{HI}[M_{\odot}]=2.36*10^5\ D^2[Mpc]\ S_{int}[Jy\ km/s]</math>

where <math>S_{int}</math> is the integrated HI flux and ''D'' is the luminosity distance.

Or using the prescription from the RC3 catalogue:

<math>log10(M_{HI}[M_{\odot}])=-0.4m_{21}^{0} + log10 (1+z) + 2 log10 (D[Mpc]) + 12.3364</math>,

where ''m''210 is 21-cm line magnitude corrected for HI absorption and ''D'' is the luminosity distance. the absorption correction is: <math>m_{21}^{0} = m_{21} - A_{21}\ \textrm{and}\ A_{21} = 0.5 \times logR_{25}</math>, for Hubble type <math>T \ge 0</math> and with <math>logR_{25}\equiv 1</math> for <math>logR_{25}\ge 1</math>.

===''True b/a ratio''===

<math>
(b/a)_{true}=\frac{\sqrt{(b/a)^2-cos^2(i)}}{\sin(i)},
</math>

where ''b/a'' is the apparent minor-to-major axes ratio and ''i'' the inclination.

===''Luminosity'' in g-band===

<math>
\log L_g = 0.4 \left(Mg_{sol}-m_g\right) - 2 + 2 \log_{10} \left(1000000 D_L[Mpc]\right)
</math>

where <math>Mg_{sol} = 5.12</math>, <math>m_g</math> the apparent visual magnitude and <math>D_L</math> the luminosity distance.

===''Gas fraction''===

<math>
f_{gas} \equiv \frac{1.4 M_{HI}}{1.4 M_{HI} +M_*}
</math>

where MHI is the HI mass and M* is the stellar mass. The factor of 1.4 corrects for the mass in helium. The molecular gas component is neglected here (it is small in low-mass, LSB galaxies).

===''Luminosity distance''===
* Knowing recession (systemic) velocity corrected to the centroid of the Local Group and for infall of the Local Group towards Virgo cluster, one may obtain luminosity distance using formula:

<math>
D_L[Mpc]=v_{LG}^{final}[km/s]/H_0
</math>

* The classical IAU correction ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AJ....128...16K Koribalski et al. 2004]) for infall of the Local Group towards Virgo:
<math>v_{LG}^{final}=v_{sys}+300*\sin(l)*\cos(b)</math>

where <math>v_{sys}</math> is the radial velocity (cz in km/s) already corrected to the centroid of the Local Group.

'''IF DATA ARE TAKEN FROM HYPERLEDA DATABASE:'''

* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A%26AS..124..109P Paturel et al. 1997, A&A Suppl. Series, 124, 109]

Having measured heliocentric radial velocity (''v'') as a weighted mean of optical and radio measurements ''vopt'' or ''vrad'', respectively, one may calculate the velocity corrected to the centroid of the Local Group (denoted as ''vlg'' in the Hyperleda database):
<math>v_{LG} = v\ +\ 295.4 * \sin(l) \cos(b)\ -\ 79.1* \cos(l)\cos(b)\ -\ 37.6* \sin(b)</math>

where <math>(l,b)</math> are Galactic coordinates, and could be obtained from equatorial using IDL routine '''glactc'''.

The velocity corrected for infall of the Local Group towards Virgo is noted ''vvir'' in the Hyperleda DB and here it is:

<math>v_{LG}^{final} = v_{LG} + 208*cos(\theta)</math>

where 208km/s is the infall velocity of the Local Group (according to [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26A...340...21T Theureau et al. 1998] and [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A%26A...393...57T Terry et al. 2002]) and <math>\theta</math> is the angular distance between the observed direction <math>sgl, sgb</math> in supergalactic coordinates and the direction of the center of the Virgo cluster (sglo = 104 deg,sgbo = −2 deg):

<math>\cos(\theta) = \sin(sgbo)\sin(sgb)+ \cos(sgbo)\cos(sgb)\cos(sglo - sgl)</math>

Equatorial coordinates could also be transformed to supergalactic using '''glactc'''. 

'''So, to summarize, using Hyperleda database, one may calculate the luminosity distance simply taking: <math>D_L[Mpc]=vvir/H_0</math>, where <math>H_0 = 75 km/s Mpc^{-1}</math> is the Hubble constant.'''

===''Maximum rotational velocity''===

<math>2 v_m sin(i) = (W_{20}+W_{50})/2</math>
or if only one known, it is good as well.

IF TAKEN from HyperLeda, <math>W_{20},\ W_{50}</math> needs to be corrected for resolution (Paturel et al. 2003, A&A 412, 57):

<math>log 2 v_m sin(i) = a * log W(R,l) + b;</math> <math>l</math>=20,50, <math>R</math> = resolution

R = 8km/s: log 2 vm sin(i) = (1.071 +/- 0.009) log W50 - (0.210 +/- 0.023)
R = 8km/s: log 2 vm sin(i) = (1.187 +/- 0.002) log W20 - (0.543 +/- 0.005)
R =16km/s: log 2 vm sin(i) = (1.048 +/- 0.003) log W50 - (0.156 +/- 0.006)
R =16km/s: log 2 vm sin(i) = (1.179 +/- 0.003) log W20 - (0.529 +/- 0.008)
R =21km/s: log 2 vm sin(i) = (1.049 +/- 0.002) log W50 - (0.158 +/- 0.005)
R =21km/s: log 2 vm sin(i) = (1.193 +/- 0.005) log W20 - (0.563 +/- 0.012)
R =41km/s: log 2 vm sin(i) = (1.052 +/- 0.009) log W50 - (0.176 +/- 0.021)
R =41km/s: log 2 vm sin(i) = (1.156 +/- 0.010) log W20 - (0.521 +/- 0.025)

If one has both W20 and W50, than they should both be corrected according to the table above, velocities extracted from the upper formula using inclination and then averaged.

===''Galaxy stellar mass''===

<math>
logM_*[M_{\odot}]=1.097(g-r)-0.406-0.4\left[g+5-5log10(D[Mpc]*1000000)-5log10(h)-4.64\right]-2log10(h),
</math>
where h=0.7 (Hubble constant), ''g'' and ''r'' apparent magnitudes and ''D'' distance in Mpc.

* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16425.x Bernardi et al. 2010, MNRAS 436]

<math>
\log\left(\frac{M_{*,Bell}}{L_r}\right)_0 = 1.097 * (g - r)_0 - 0.406,\ {\rm since}\ \ \log \left(\frac{M_{*}}{L_{r}}\right)_0 = 1.097 (g-r)_0 + zp
</math>

where ''zp'' is the zero point, dependent on the IMF. One may take <math>zp = -0.306 + 0.15 - 0.25 = -0.406</math>. The standard diet-Salpeter IMF has zp = -0.306, which they state has 70% smaller M∗/Lr at a given color than a Salpeter IMF. In turn, a Salpeter IMF has 0.25 dex more M∗/Lr at a given color than the Chabrier (2003) IMF. Note that this expression requires luminosities and colors that have been k- and evolution-corrected to z=0.

Conversation table:

'''IMF''' '''Offset''' '''Reference'''
Kennicut 0.30 Kennicut (1983)
Scalo 0.25 Scalo (1986)
diet-Salpeter 0.15 Bell & de Jong (2001)
pseudo-Kroupa 0.20 Kroupa (2001)
Kroupa 0.30 Kroupa (2002)
Chabrier 0.25 Chabrier (2003)
Baldry & Glazbrook 0.305 Baldry & Glazbrook (2003)

Thus, in terms of restframe quantities,

<math> \log \left(\frac{M_{*,Bell}}{M_{\odot}}\right) = 1.097 * (g-r) -0.406 -0.4*(M_r-4.67)-0.19*z</math>

If we use the restframe r-i color and Lr luminosity instead, then

<math> \log \left(\frac{M_{*,Bell}}{M_{\odot}}\right) = 1.097 * (r-i) -0.122 -0.4*(M_r-4.67)-0.23*z</math>

These two estimates of M* will differ because there is scatter in the <math>(g-r)-(r-i)</math> color plane.

===''Corrections'' ===
* Velocity dispersion aperture correction
Following Jørgensen, Franx, \& Kjaergaard (1995) and Wegner et al. (1999), we correct <math>\sigma_{est}</math> to a standard relative circular aperture defined to be one-eighth of the effective radius:
<math>
\sigma_{corr}=\sigma_{est}\left(\frac{r_{ap}}{r_0/8}\right)^{0.04}
</math>
where <math>r_0</math> is the effective radius of the galaxy, and <math>r_{ap}</math> is the radius of the aperture. In the case of SDSS, the radius of the fiber is <math>r_{ap}=1.5</math>".

* Magnitude (colors) corrections:
; Extinction correction:

; K correction:
Using values from Bernardi et al. (2003a) for SDSS galaxies:
<math> K_g(z) = - 5.261\ z^{1.197} </math>
<math>K_r(z) = - 1.271\ z^{1.023}</math>
in g- and r-band respectively. For many different surveys (SDSS, GALEX, 2MASS, DEEP2, GOODS) and many bands (U,B,V,R,I,J,H,Ks,u,g,r,i,z), it can be obtained using Blanton's [http://howdy.physics.nyu.edu/index.php/Kcorrect kcorrect] code.

; Cosmological dimming correction :
Jørgensen et al. (1995a):
<math> C(z) = - (1+z)^4 </math>

; Evolution correction:
* Driver et al. 2005MNRAS, 360, 81
Global form:
<math> L(z) = L(z=0) \ (1+z)^{\beta} </math>

with an initial value β=0.75

<math> E(z) = -0.75 \times 2.5 \log(1+z) </math>

(See Phillipps and Driver 1995MNRAS, 274, 832)

Bernardi et al. (2003b) reported that the more distant galaxies in their sample are brighter than those nearby:
<math>ev_g(z)=+1.15 z</math>
<math>ev_r(z)=+0.85 z</math>

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Ana.Lalovic: Created page with "== Galaxies == ===''Instrumental resolution''=== Given spectra estimate instrumental resolution in AA and km/s: velocity\_scale[km/..."

Ana.Lalovic: Created page with "== Galaxies == ===''Instrumental resolution''=== Given spectra estimate instrumental resolution in AA and km/s: $velocity\_scale[km/..."$